EN 1993-1-9 classifications:
Category 160: Full penetration welds
Category 100: Web-to-flange welds
Category 71: Shear stud connections
What quality control tests verify materials?
Mill testing protocols:
Chemical:
Optical emission spectroscopy
Carbon/sulfur determinators
Mechanical:
2000kN tensile machines
Charpy impact testers (-40°C)
Dimensional:
Laser scanners (±0.1mm)
Ultrasonic thickness gauges
How are erection sequences planned?
Critical path method:
Stability phases:
Temporary bracing requirements
Wind load considerations
Crane selection:
80% capacity utilization
Dual-lift coordination
Tolerance accumulation:
±15mm cumulative limit
Survey control points
What causes brittle fracture?
Low-temperature failure mechanisms:
Nil-ductility transition (NDT) temp
Triaxial stress states
Notch effects
Prevention:
CVN >27J at service temp
K_IC fracture toughness testing
Proper welding procedures
How are composite decks designed?
Shear connection design:
Stud capacity:
P_Rd = 0.8f_u×(πd²/4)/γ_v
Density requirements:
19mm studs @ 300mm spacing
22mm studs @ 450mm spacing
