Connection design criticality:
Moment-Resisting Frames:
RBS (reduced beam section) connections in H-beams (A992) allow controlled plastic hinging, tested in Chicago's Willis Tower, with 8% drift capacity without collapse.
Bolted vs. Welded:
Bolted H-beam joints (HSFG bolts) enable 20% faster assembly in skyscrapers but have 15% lower stiffness than welded joints (e.g., Shanghai Tower uses hybrid connections).
Fire-Resistant Joints:
Intumescent-coated bolted connections (EN 13381-8) maintain strength for 120 minutes, used in London's The Shard, reducing fireproofing costs by 30%.